Despite this, the Ayyubid reign was a period of cultural development. Ayyubid rule only lasted about 80 years and was accompanied by many wars. His death and the murder of his son al-Muʿazzam Tūrān Shāh put an end to the Ayyubid dynasty, and after ten years of changes of succession, the Mamluks established their reign in Egypt (Baybars, 1260). An energetic sultan, Ṣāliḥ succeeded in uniting almost all the kingdom of Saladin under him. In 1244 with the aid of the Khwārizmis Jerusalem was returned to Ṣāliḥ the Ayyubid (1240–49), the ruler of Egypt and Syria. In 1229 ʿAdil's son, the sultan Kamil (1218–38), who ruled in Egypt and in Ereẓ Israel, gave Emperor Frederick II Jerusalem and Bethlehem, as well as a corridor of free passage to them from Jaffa. After his death in 1218, the Ayyubid rulers were compelled to fight harsh wars with the Crusaders, losing Safed, Tiberias, and Ashkelon. But ʿAdil, the brother of Saladin, succeeded in the early 13 th century in uniting most of the areas under him. The second son, al-Malik al-Ẓāhir (1186–1216), received Aleppo. One of his sons, al-Malik al-Afḍal, received Damascus in 1186 and Ereẓ Israel, but his uncle ʿAdil took Damascus from him in 1196. Even before his death Saladin divided his country between his sons and his brothers. His son *Saladin Yusuf, who was educated in Syria in the Turkish-Seljuk military tradition, succeeded in founding the Ayyubid dynasty in 1171, in conquering Jerusalem in 1187, and expanding his country from Egypt to East Asia in the east and Yemen to the south. The founder of the Kurdish family of Ayyūb was one of the commanders of Zangī, a freed Turkish slave and one of the greatest emirs in the court of Malik Shāh the Seljuk (1072–92). Table of Contents| About Islam| WahhabismĪYYUBIDS, dynasty of sultans in Egypt and Syria (1171–1250).
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